Genetics
Chromosomal abnormalities may involve changes in chromosome number or structure. Dental relevance: Delayed eruption, hypodontia, malocclusion and increased susceptibility to periodontal disease may…
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Inflammation & Healing
Inflammation is a protective response of vascularized tissue to infection, tissue injury or other harmful stimuli.
Proteins
Misfolded proteins may lose normal function, accumulate within cells or form abnormal extracellular deposits.
Cellular
Cells respond to stress and injury through adaptation, reversible injury or irreversible injury leading to cell death. Definition: Increase in cell size, producing enlargement of an organ or tissue.
Last Day Revision
Night blindness, xerophthalmia, Bitot spots. Beriberi, Wernicke–Korsakoff; TPP-dependent enzymes. Neuropathy, seizures, sideroblastic anemia; isoniazid association.
Nutrition
Fat is the most energy-dense macronutrient. Typical adult dietary patterns often derive approximately 45–65% of energy from carbohydrates, 20–35% from fats and 10–35% from protein.
Lysosomes
Lysosomal storage diseases result from defects in lysosomal enzymes, activator proteins or transport mechanisms. Undegraded substrates accumulate in lysosomes and damage tissues.
Glycogen
Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) result from defects in enzymes responsible for glycogen synthesis or breakdown. They commonly affect the liver, skeletal muscle or both.
Collagen
Collagen is a major structural protein of connective tissue, bone, skin, tendons, ligaments and the periodontal supporting tissues.
