Orthodontics
I'll cover the basic orthodontics concepts that commonly appear in dental exams, with special emphasis on numerical values, space maintainers, mixed-dentition development, terminal planes, eruption…
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Ethics
Informed consent is a voluntary decision made by a patient who has the relevant information and capacity to decide. Consent is not merely a signature on a form.
Applied Scenarios
Typical scenario: “You want to establish a dental clinic in a new locality. What factors would you assess before opening it?”
Theories and Models
HBM is one of the most commonly tested models. MCQ trap: A patient knows oral cancer is serious but does not attend screening because they believe they are unlikely to develop it.
Cancer
Clinical pearl: Tobacco plus alcohol produces a synergistic increase in risk. Areca nut is carcinogenic even without tobacco.
Salivary Glands
Rule of inverse proportion: The smaller the salivary gland, the greater the likelihood that a tumour is malignant. Why is the submandibular gland most commonly affected?
Ulcers and Lesions
Definition: The most common inflammatory ulcerative condition of the oral mucosa, affecting approximately 20–25% of the population.
Tongue Lesions
Definition: Inflammation with atrophy of the tongue papillae caused by mechanical trauma or systemic factors. FCPS tip: A smooth, red, depapillated tongue suggests atrophic glossitis.
White Lesions
Hallmark: The lesion disappears or markedly diminishes when the cheek is stretched. FCPS tip: White buccal mucosa that disappears on stretching = leukoedema.
