Last Day Revision
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LAST-MINUTE FCPS RECALLCellular Injury
| MCQ clue | Answer |
|---|---|
| Increase in cell size | Hypertrophy |
| Increase in cell number | Hyperplasia |
| Decrease in cell size | Atrophy |
| Replacement of mature cell type | Metaplasia |
| Earliest reversible cell injury | Cellular swelling |
| Irreversible injury | Severe mitochondrial and membrane damage |
| Nuclear shrinkage | Pyknosis |
| Nuclear fragmentation | Karyorrhexis |
| Nuclear dissolution | Karyolysis |
| Heart infarction | Coagulative necrosis |
| Brain infarction | Liquefactive necrosis |
| Tuberculosis | Caseous necrosis |
| Pancreatitis-related calcium soap formation | Fat necrosis |
| Immune-mediated vascular injury | Fibrinoid necrosis |
| Caspase-9 | Intrinsic apoptosis |
| Caspase-8 | Extrinsic apoptosis |
| Brown wear-and-tear pigment | Lipofuscin |
| Iron pigment | Hemosiderin |
| Normal calcium + damaged tissue | Dystrophic calcification |
| High calcium + normal tissue | Metastatic calcification |
Inflammation
| MCQ clue | Answer |
|---|---|
| Redness and heat | Vasodilation |
| Swelling | Increased vascular permeability |
| Pain | Bradykinin and PGE₂ |
| Rolling | Selectins |
| Firm adhesion | Integrins |
| Diapedesis | PECAM-1/CD31 |
| Neutrophil chemotaxis | C5a, LTB₄, IL-8 |
| Early acute inflammation | Neutrophils |
| Chronic inflammation | Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells |
| Main opsonins | IgG and C3b |
| Respiratory burst | NADPH oxidase |
| HOCl production | Myeloperoxidase |
| Fever | PGE₂ |
| Anaphylatoxins | C3a and C5a |
| Caseating granuloma | Tuberculosis |
| Noncaseating granuloma | Sarcoidosis |
| New vessels + fibroblasts | Granulation tissue |
| Large wound and prominent contraction | Secondary intention |
Hemodynamic Disorders
| MCQ clue | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three causes of thrombosis | Virchow's triad |
| Thrombus formed in flowing blood | Lines of Zahn |
| Passive venous blood accumulation | Congestion |
| Active increased blood flow | Hyperemia |
| Nutmeg liver | Chronic passive congestion |
| Hemosiderin-laden pulmonary macrophages | Heart failure cells |
| Pulmonary embolus source | Deep veins of legs/pelvis |
| Fat embolism | Long-bone fracture |
| White infarct | Heart, kidney, spleen |
| Red infarct | Lung, intestine |
| Warm early septic shock | Peripheral vasodilation |
| DIC | Thrombosis + bleeding |
| DIC laboratory clue | Low platelets, increased D-dimer, prolonged PT/aPTT |
Genetics
| MCQ clue | Answer |
|---|---|
| Down syndrome | Trisomy 21 |
| Edwards syndrome | Trisomy 18 |
| Patau syndrome | Trisomy 13 |
| Turner syndrome | 45,X |
| Klinefelter syndrome | 47,XXY |
| Marfan syndrome | FBN1 |
| Achondroplasia | FGFR3 |
| Huntington disease | CAG repeat expansion |
| Cystic fibrosis | CFTR |
| Hemophilia A | Factor VIII |
| Hemophilia B | Factor IX |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | Dystrophin |
| Cleft lip/palate | Often multifactorial |
Immunology
| MCQ clue | Answer |
|---|---|
| Type I hypersensitivity | IgE + mast cells |
| Type II | IgG/IgM-mediated |
| Type III | Immune-complex deposition |
| Type IV | T-cell-mediated |
| Anaphylaxis | Type I |
| Pemphigus vulgaris | Type II |
| SLE | Predominantly Type III |
| Contact dermatitis | Type IV |
| Delayed umbilical cord separation | Leukocyte adhesion deficiency |
| Absent B cells | Bruton agammaglobulinemia |
| T-cell deficiency + hypocalcemia | DiGeorge syndrome |
| Eczema + infections + small platelets | Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome |
| Defective respiratory burst | Chronic granulomatous disease |
| HIV target | CD4-positive cells |
Neoplasia
| MCQ clue | Answer |
|---|---|
| Malignant epithelial tumor | Carcinoma |
| Malignant mesenchymal tumor | Sarcoma |
| Grade | Histological differentiation |
| Stage | Extent of spread |
| HPV E6 | p53 degradation |
| HPV E7 | RB inactivation |
| Burkitt lymphoma | MYC |
| CML | BCR-ABL |
| Familial adenomatous polyposis | APC |
| Retinoblastoma | RB1 |
| Guardian of genome | p53 |
| Prostate marker | PSA |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma marker | AFP |
| Ovarian carcinoma marker | CA-125 |
| Pancreatic carcinoma marker | CA 19-9 |
| Epithelial differentiation | Cytokeratin |
| Mesenchymal differentiation | Vimentin |